In addition to braille text (letters, punctuation, contractions), it is also possible to create embossed illustrations and graphs, with the lines either solid or made of series of dots, arrows, and bullets that are larger than braille dots. Since the various braille alphabets originated as transcription codes for printed writing, the mappings (sets of character designations) vary from language to language, and even within one in English Braille there are 3 levels of braille: uncontracted braille – a letter-by-letter transcription used for basic literacy contracted braille – an addition of abbreviations and contractions used as a space-saving mechanism and grade 3 – various non-standardized personal stenography that is less commonly used.

The number and arrangement of these dots distinguishes one character from another. The second revision, published in 1837, was the first binary form of writing developed in the modern era.īraille characters are formed using a combination of six raised dots arranged in a 3 × 2 matrix, called the braille cell. He published his system, which subsequently included musical notation, in 1829. In 1824, at the age of fifteen, he developed the braille code based on the French alphabet as an improvement on night writing. Braille can be written using a slate and stylus, a braille writer, an electronic braille notetaker or with the use of a computer connected to a braille embosser.īraille is named after its creator, Louis Braille, a Frenchman who lost his sight as a result of a childhood accident.

It can be read either on embossed paper or by using refreshable braille displays that connect to computers and smartphone devices. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Braille characters.īraille ( / b r eɪ l/ BRAYL, French: ) is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired, including people who are blind, deafblind or who have low vision. This article contains Unicode Braille characters.

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